This article describes drivers of climate change and how our industry can mitigate them. It also explores the impact of climate change on naturals, novel farming and biotech solutions, and choices formulators can make to support sustainability.
Log in to view the full article
This article describes drivers of climate change and how our industry can mitigate them. It also explores the impact of climate change on naturals, novel farming and biotech solutions, and choices formulators can make to support sustainability.
The concept of sustainability prioritizes meeting current societal needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.1 Contrary to this, human-induced pollution and uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions have led to global warming, ocean acidification, desertification and alterations in weather patterns. These changes manifest in immediate threats to food security, habitat extensions, rising sea levels, intensified storms along coastlines, health concerns, migration and economic losses.2
It is crucial to acknowledge that climate change is not a passing trend but a critical issue impacting every facet of life on Earth. Many of the consequences are irreversible and necessitate immediate action.3 Today's consumers are more aware of climate change than ever before and as such, seek environmentally friendly product choices. In response, many cosmetic companies have created products that are both effective and eco-friendly, which responds to this urgent need while also keeping them competitive.1
However, things are rarely as straightforward as they seem. The current article describes factors driving climate change and how the cosmetic industry can impact them. It explores the effects of climate change on the natural ingredient supply, innovative farming and biotech solutions. It also outlines choices product developers can make to support the greater sustainability goal. While the cosmetics industry is not solely responsible for what is happening, it can take responsibility by acting now to neutralize its impact on the climate.4
Industry Contributors to Climate Change
As many readers know, the escalation in the atmospheric concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane acts as a blanket, trapping infrared radiation and hindering its dispersion into outer space. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, leads to the gradual warming of the Earth's atmosphere and surface, culminating in global warming and changing climates at local, regional and global scales (see Figure 1).5
Climate change is driven by the burning of fossil fuels (gas, oil, coal), poor waste management, deforestation and pollution of the atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
The good news is in recent years, the cosmetics industry has begun to address these concerns; for example, through changes in practices for producing and/or sourcing raw materials.4 The bad news is: there’s still much work to be done.
Carbon footprint: The cosmetics sector can produce significant carbon emissions throughout a product’s lifecycle — from sourcing raw materials to production, transportation and disposal.6 The extensive energy consumption involved in vegetable extraction alone exacerbates this issue. For example, the extraction process for shea butter emits 10,374 kg CO2 per kilogram from the initial (traditional) sourcing of raw materials, to their incorporation into finished cosmetic products.7
Furthermore, manufacturing processes such as heating, cooling, mixing and production and disposal of plastic packaging materials demand substantial energy inputs. Unfortunately, much of this energy typically originates from fossil fuels, contributing to carbon emissions and adding to climate change.4 Thus, as the cosmetic industry grows, so can its carbon footprint over time, which presents increasing environmental concern.6
Waste management: The beauty industry stands out as a major contributor to landfills. According to the plastic pollution coalition, the global cosmetics industry produces 120 billion units of packaging every year, mostly not recycable.4 Plastic continues to dominate cosmetic packaging, presenting challenges due to its complex composition and difficulty in efficient separation and disposal (see Figure 2).
The packaging industry has started to promote the use of mono-materials, introducing packaging from post-consumer recycle (PCR) plastic and pushing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the plastic of choice. When recycling is not feasible, however, it still results in landfill waste, worsening environmental pollution and the subsequent emissions of greenhouse gases like methane – a major contributor to climate change.
While some companies explore strategies to recycle plastic on a molecular level, current PCR production does not support infinite recycling (especially for polystyrene plastic), therefore more virgin plastic is produced daily. This underscores the pressing need for scientific exploration into bio-based and biodegradable materials alongside the strengthening of regulatory frameworks.4 Early attempts have been made to commercialize bioplastic in the mass market but have failed due to cost and limited applications.8
It is worth noting that regulations and laws are important to propelling sustainability initiatives. Take, for example, the ban on microplastics in cosmetics and personal care products in select countries. This measure has led to a notable 97.6% decrease in use between 2012 and 2017, resulting in the substitution and elimination of 4,250 tons of plastic. Additionally, environmental levies, particularly those targeting packaging or landfills, have influenced producer behavior. In the end, effective waste management strategies encompass utilization, recycling, incineration with energy recovery and/or composting.1
Aerosols and global warming: Aerosols, including body and hair sprays, may lower indoor air quality and affect human respiratory health as well as contribute to global warming. Studies reveal that hair sprays with a high percentage of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) exhibit the highest ozone-forming potential, releasing approximately 105.1 g of ozone per liter of product. These NMVOCs can further contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols through ozonolysis, directly influencing Earth's radiative balance by absorbing and scattering solar radiation, and thereby exacerbating global warming.9
Clean water scarcity: Water consumption is an additional consideration. Cosmetic products predominantly comprise water, with creams typically containing 60 – 85%; lotions up to 90%; and shampoos and shower gels reaching as high as 95%. Water also plays an integral role throughout cosmetic production; from sourcing raw ingredients to manufacturing and eventually, product use. Take, for instance, the cultivation of raw materials like palm oil or algae, which entails significant water use. This holds the potential to exacerbate water shortages in specific regions. Even the production of plastic packaging requires considerable water resources.4
Wastewater is an additional concern. If improperly treated, it can release pollutants into landfills including residues from personal care products. Recently, related to this, the impact of organic and inorganic UV filters released into the environment has been hotly debated. Their increased detection in aquatic environments such as surface water, groundwater and drinking water has raised concerns for their potential to threaten aquatic life and habitats.4
For these reasons, the industry has actively pursued the lifecycle analysis of products to uncover their environmental impact. They consider factors such as carbon emissions, water use and resource depletion, which can also help formulators to pinpoint areas for improvement.
Moreover, beyond water shortages and pollution, rising ocean acidity is a concern. Oceans absorb roughly one-third of the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere, which has led to a 30% increase in acidity over the past two centuries. This shift could impact natural marine species including microalgae – an innovative ingredient of great interest to the cosmetic industry.9, 10
Deforestation: Deforestation poses a significant challenge to both the cosmetics industry and global ecosystems. Palm oil, for example, has been a crucial ingredient in cosmetics but its extensive deforestation, along with the use of harmful pesticides, poses a threat to Southeast Asian ecosystems. While palm oil certifications aim to curb deforestation and protect forests, these often fall short in preventing biodiversity loss, leaving many endangered species at risk of losing their habitats.4 (For more on this, see Meredith).
Moreover, while natural products are often desired by consumers, their sourcing can pose sustainability and biodiversity challenges. This is evident in the significant deforestation of sandalwood and rosewood sources for fragrances.11 Amidst these challenges, sustainable agriculture and biotechnology approaches have emerged as potential solutions to mitigate the adverse impact of deforestation and promote environmental conservation.11 (For more on this, see Lad).
Air pollution: Air pollution from the release of various greenhouse gases during production compromises human health. It also accelerates premature aging by decreasing the body’s immune defenses, disturbing the skin barrier and exacerbating inflammation and oxidative stress.12 This is paradoxical, considering the cosmetic industry's aim to preserve skin health.
Supply Chain Impact
As a result of the described environmental impacts, plants, soil and microbial communities important to the industry’s natural ingredient supply chain are likely to be impacted. For example, changes in rainfall patterns may disrupt the natural habitats of plants, limiting their availability. Or as temperatures rise, crops like coffee may need to be relocated to cooler higher altitudes conducive to cultivation. This relocation could encroach upon forested areas and protected habitats.13
Avocado cultivation provides another example. Cold, windy, dry or soggy weather can disrupt fertility periods, reducing yields. In fact, without adaptation, climate change projections foresee a potential 40% decrease in California avocado yields by 2060. Reduced winter chilling periods in the state and water scarcity for irrigation are already contributing to a decline in almond production, which is forecasted for a 10% reduction in yield by 2030.9
Natural fragrance sources such as lavender, jasmine and rose are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events like droughts as well. Furthermore, while some plants may be migrated to higher altitudes for survival, certain species may struggle to adapt, increasing the risk of endangerment and limiting their supply.9, 14
Extreme weather events, droughts and pest outbreaks causing ingredient scarcity additionally cause price fluctuations – not to mention their negative impact on botanical quality. Collectively, these stressors significantly lower plant resilience and productivity. What’s more, given the critical role of plant production not only in cosmetics but also in the foods industry, such circumstances could destabilize various regions worldwide, resulting in unrest, hunger and even war.15
The cosmetics and skin care industry relies on a large variety of natural and synthetic ingredients, including botanicals, minerals and other natural elements sourced globally. Thus, understanding the ecological consequences of climate change is imperative for developing strategies to mitigate risks and foster sustainability.16
Regenerative Agriculture, Climate Resistant Farming and Biotech Solutions
The good news is innovative strategies such as regenerative agriculture, climate-resilient and climate-resistant farming, as well as biotech solutions, are being implemented to secure material supplies while also improving sustainability.
Regenerative farming: Regenerative farming or agriculture can be considered a conservation and rehabilitation approach to farming. Its focus is to work with the ecosystem and reverse climate change through practices that rebuild soil health, increase biodiversity, improve water cycling, supporting carbon sequestration, increase resilience to climate change. Examples include adaptive grazing, no-till planting, limiting or refraining from the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizer, etc.40
Climate-resilient farming: Farmers are increasingly adopting practices such as planting crops under shade trees to alleviate heat and water stress. Crops with increased tolerance to heat and drought are also being cultivated, in addition to preserving plants after severe weather changes to bolster resilience across agricultural systems.9
Climate-resistant farming: Indoor farming, also known as vertical farming or controlled environment agriculture, is another approach that entails cultivating crops within controlled conditions like greenhouses or hydroponic systems. This method, as its name implies, mitigates reliance on weather conditions, enabling year-round production irrespective of external weather fluctuations or extreme temperatures.
Moreover, it optimizes resource utilization by minimizing water consumption and eliminating the necessity for pesticides or herbicides. By cultivating ingredients in this way, companies can assume responsibility for quality and purity while simultaneously reducing the environmental footprint of their supply chains.17, 18
One noteworthy application of indoor farming lies in the cultivation of delicate or rare plant species vulnerable to climate fluctuations. Additionally, indoor farming empowers companies to explore genetic modifications, fostering the development of aforementioned resilient plant varieties.
Innovative techniques such as hydroponics and aeroponics further enhance the sustainability of indoor farming by minimizing soil erosion and maximizing resource efficiency. Hydroponic systems, which cultivate plants in nutrient-rich water solutions sans soil, substantially reduce water usage compared to traditional agriculture. Similarly, aeroponic systems, where plant roots are suspended in the air and misted with nutrient solutions, offer even greater resource efficiency and crop yields.19-21
Moreover, indoor farming facilitates the localization of supply chains, thereby reducing carbon emissions associated with long-distance transportation. By establishing urban farms or vertical gardens near manufacturing facilities, cosmetic companies can minimize transportation costs and environmental impact while supporting local economies.19
Biotech solutions: The industry has also experienced a surge in interest for in vitro technologies to produce cosmetic ingredients. Fermentation and the genetic reprogramming of plant and microbial cells using molecular biology techniques enable the production of desired ingredients and/or molecules.22 Taking it a step further, synthetic biology can be used to design very targeted and specific molecules.23 Such alternatives can replace plant cultivation and/or wild picking, reducing the environmental impact of sourcing natural materials.
Developing More Sustainable Products
With pressing concern over the negative effects of climate change, the cosmetic industry finds itself at the forefront of innovation and is driving new ideas in support of a positive transformation. At the core of this transformation are formulators and product developers, whose decisions can influence the sustainability of cosmetic products. From ingredient selection to formula optimization and packaging choices, following are some examples of ways to take action (see Table 1).
Industrial byproducts including seeds, fruit and vegetable skins, plant leaves and fruit pulp, are often rich in bioactive compounds that can enhance the efficacy of products while contributing to the principles of a circular economy and environmental sustainability.Image by Oksana at Adobe Stock
Ingredient selection: Formulators navigate a vast landscape of ingredients, and their choices hold significant implications for environmental impact. One key strategy toward sustainability is prioritizing renewable and biodegradable materials, including plant-based oils, botanical extracts and biodegradable polymers, from ethically committed suppliers. Supporting initiatives such as fair trade, organic farming and eco-friendly harvesting methods promotes biodiversity and preserves delicate ecosystems.16, 24, 25
Also growing in the industry is the adoption of upcycling and creative re-use of materials, e.g., by recycling and reusing byproducts left over from industries such as agro-food, paper and pulp, etc. In doing so, manufacturers can generate new raw materials with added value while reducing expenses associated with waste treatment and minimizing environmental impact.
These industrial byproducts, including seeds, fruit and vegetable skins, plant leaves and fruit pulp, are often rich in bioactive compounds including vitamins, minerals and phenolic compounds. They can enhance the efficacy of products while contributing to the principles of a circular economy and environmental sustainability.26 Additionally, by diverting these byproducts from landfills where they would otherwise generate methane, the industry can play a vital role in mitigating pollution and promoting responsible resource use.11
One point worth mentioning is that as noted, the constituents of naturally cultivated ingredients can be impacted by climate change. Therefore, ensuring the ingredient supplier has rigorously tested and set quality control measures for ingredients will be important to ensuring potency and performance are met. Related to this, standard testing of formulas including for temperature resistance, humidity tolerance and shelf-life stability will be critical to guaranteeing product efficacy and consumer satisfaction.
Lastly, it is important to remember that while prioritizing sustainability, formulators must strike a balance between environmental objectives and maintaining formulation efficacy. Meeting or exceeding consumer expectations will ensure the adoption and long-term use of sustainable products.16, 27 Also, maintaining transparency to communicate to consumers the sustainable steps taken throughout will help to build trust.
Formulation optimization: In pursuit of sustainability, formulators can also play a pivotal role by optimizing formulations to minimize waste and lower energy consumption throughout the manufacturing process.39 This can be enhanced in various ways, including favoring formulations for green cosmetics, utilizing locally sourced and recycled ingredients, and implementing cold processing methods. These strategies aim to bolster production efficiency, minimize water consumption, and adopt cleaner production methods to mitigate hazardous waste.
Packaging: Packaging is as important as the formulation itself, and cosmetic scientists are well aware the environmental implications of packaging. Thus, opting for materials that are biodegradable, compostable or recyclable/refillable serves to minimize environmental impact.
For example, biodegradable alternatives including plant-based materials and bioplastics derived from renewable corn starch, sugar cane or cellulose offer a promising solution to the growing problem of plastic pollution. They also are a more sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Also, the introduction of mono-material packaging (body + cap) that facilitate recycling and reduce waste.
Companies are exploring solutions such as mushroom-based packaging, seaweed-derived films, compostable paper and alternative fibers to cellulose, too. These bio-based materials not only decompose naturally, but also offer additional environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration and habitat restoration.28, 29
Furthermore, a shift toward sustainable packaging and educating consumers about recycling and reusing products has emerged as a crucial objective in today's landscape.30 Materials including glass, aluminum and paperboard sourced from renewable origins promote circularity.
Also, product developers are placing greater emphasis on packaging that can be reused, recycled or repurposed. This includes refillable containers, modular packaging components and easily separable materials, all designed to facilitate recycling processes. Consequently, this approach extends the packaging lifecycle, reduces surplus waste and promotes consumer involvement in sustainable behaviors.
Lastly, another effective strategy embraced by formulators is the optimization of packaging designs. This refers to employing lightweight materials, right-sizing containers and integrating innovative features such as solid cosmetics, paper pods or compressed packaging (e.g., compressed face masks in tablet form) to minimize volume and optimize space utilization. These efforts ultimately contribute to lower transportation emissions and reduce the environmental footprint, aligning with sustainability goals.16, 31-33
Collaborating for sustainability: Partnering with ingredient suppliers, manufacturers and packaging vendors can prove indispensable in the quest for sustainable alternatives. Through such partnerships, formulators gain access to cutting-edge ingredients, technologies and packaging solutions while fostering a culture of continuous improvement aligned with environmental objectives.34
Moreover, formulators assume the role of educators, enlightening both internal and external teams about the pivotal role of sustainability in formulation decisions. This proactive approach supports stakeholders to make informed choices at every stage, reinforcing a commitment to environmental responsibility. Ultimately, this can nurture a culture of sustainability across the organization and throughout the entire supply chain.34
Reducing carbon footprint: Lastly, significant carbon emissions and air pollution stemming from the transportation and distribution of cosmetic products cannot be overlooked. To address this, companies are exploring options like local sourcing and investing in eco-friendly transportation alternatives like electric vehicles or carbon offset programs.35
Formulating for Climate Change
One final consideration about climate change is how it physically impacts skin health and beauty; from heightened UV radiation to increased pollution and fluctuating humidity levels. In response, climate-conscious formulas may be necessary to provide comprehensive protection against climate-induced skin concerns.36
For example, with rising temperatures and UV radiation levels, protecting skin against sun damage is paramount. Cosmetic companies are responding by developing sunscreens that offer broad-spectrum protection while also incorporating ingredients to combat oxidative stress and environmental pollutants. Antioxidants, derivatives of vitamins C and E, and botanical extracts can neutralize free radicals to combat oxidative stress and fortify the skin's natural defenses.36
Conclusions
Scientific evidence confirms the profound negative effects of global warming, whether direct or indirect, across regions and industries. An example for cosmetics are fluctuations in the accessibility, cost and quality of natural ingredients. In response, industries are adopting solutions to mitigate the causes of global warming and to take steps toward sustainability. In fact, European regulators will soon require sustainability reports from companies operating in the Eurozone with a reporting start date January 2029 using 2028 data.37
The need to address climate change is clear. Even if all emissions from human activities were to suddenly stop, the Earth’s climate conditions would continue to evolve.2 Despite this reality, there is hope. Taking small steps and/or implementing larger interventions can help to minimize the impact of climate change and drive us toward a more sustainable future.
For the cosmetic industry, this means establishing indicators or implementing tools to measure progress toward sustainability – steps the industry has initiated in recent years.38 In addition, recognizing the impact of each stage of product development is essential, along with transitioning to a circular economy to reduce the demand for virgin raw materials and mitigating the strain on natural resources and ecosystems.30
Introducing these approaches and committing to measurable progress at every step will collectively forge the path to a more environmentally conscious and responsible future for the cosmetics and personal care industry. Now is the time to take action.
References
1. Bom, S., Jorge, J., Ribeiro, H.M. and Marto, J. (2019 Jul). A step forward on sustainability in the cosmetics industry: A review. J Cleaner Prod, 225 270-90.
2. Yoro, K.O. and Daramola, M.O. (2020). CO2 emission sources, greenhouse gases and the global warming effect. In: Advances in Carbon Capture [internet; accessed 2024, Apr 21]. Elsevier, pp 3-28.
3. Hoffmann, M.P., Koplinka-Loehr, C. and Eiseman, D.L. (2021). Our changing menu: Climate change and the foods we love and need. Cornell University Press. Available online at https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501754623/our-changing-menu/
4. Plastic Packaging Coalition. (2022, Jan 25). The ugly side of beauty: The cosmetics industry’s plastic packaging problem. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2p9hefsn
5. Kweku, D., Bismark, O., ... Maxwell, A. et al. (2018 Feb). Greenhouse effect: Greenhouse gases and their impact on global warming. J Scientific Res & Rep.
6. Galimova, T., Ram, M., ... Bogdanov, D., et al. (2022). Global demand analysis for carbon dioxide as raw material from key industrial sources and direct air capture to produce renew-able electricity-based fuels and chemicals. J Clean Prod, 373, 133920.
7. Glew, D. and Lovett, P.N. (2014). Life cycle analysis of shea butter use in cosmetics: From parklands to product, low carbon opportunities. J Clean Prod, 68, 73 - 80.
8. Helmer, J. (2019, Nov 5). Can food waste be transformed into biodegradable plastic? FoodPrint. Available at https://foodprint.org/blog/biodegradable-plastic-food-waste/
9. Nourian, A., Abba, M.K. and Nasr, G.G. (2021). Measurements and analysis of non-methane VOC (NMVOC) emissions from major domestic aerosol sprays at “source.” Environ Int, 146, 106152.
10. Fonseca, S., Amaral, M., Reis, C.P. and Custódio, L. (2023, Mar 8). Marine natural products as innovative cosmetic ingredients. Marine Drugs, 21(3) 170.
11. Martins, A.M. and Marto, J.M. (2023 Oct). A sustainable life cycle for cosmetics: From design and development to post-use phase. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 35 101178.
12. Morganti, P., Morganti, G. and Coltelli, M.B. (2020). Skin and pollution: The smart nano-based cosmeceutical-tissues to save the planet’s ecosystem. In Nanocosmetics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 287 - 303.
13. Bilen, C., Chami, D.E., Mereu, V., Trabucco, A., Marras, S. and Spano, D. (2022, Dec 25). A systematic review on the impacts of climate change on coffee agrosystems. Plants, 12(1)102.
14. Urban, M.C. (2015, May 1). Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Science, 348(6234) 571 - 3.
15. Zandalinas, S.I., Fritschi, F.B. and Mittler, R. (2021 Jun). Global warming, climate change and environmental pollution: Recipe for a multifactorial stress combination disaster. Trends in Plant Science, 26(6) 588 - 99.
16. Sahota, A. (2014, Jan 24). Sustainability: How the cosmetics industry is greening up. 1st edn, Wiley.
17. Paraschivu, M., Cotuna, O., Sărățeanu, V., Durău, C.C. and Păunescu, R.A. (Accessed 2021, Apr 20). Microgreens-current status, global market trends and forward statements. Scientific Papers. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/mryxuzy8
18. Siemplenski Lefort, J. (2024, Apr 20). Beets to beat disease. French firm breeds plants that resist climate change and need less pesticide and fertilizer. European Investment Bank. Available: https://www.eib.org/en/stories/breeding-plants-climate-change
19. Gavira, C., Watteau, F., Lainé, J.M., Bourgaud, F. and Legendre, L. (2022 Mar). Evaluation of vetiver volatile compound production under aeroponic-grown conditions for the perfume industry. Molecules, 27(6) p 1942.
20. Mehdizadeh, L. and Moghaddam, M. (2023). Hydroponic system for cultivation of medicinal plants. pp 213 - 233.
21. Singh, K., Gupta, G. and Ghangal, R. (2017). Soilless cultivation, its various types and applications in agricultural and pharmaceutical sector. World J Pharma Res, 6(7) pp 722 - 739.
22. Wang, Y. and Demirer, G.S. (2023 Sep). Synthetic biology for plant genetic engineering and molecular farming. Trends Biotech. Available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37012119/
23. Dayan, N. (2023, Feb 27). Synbio to solve cosmetic ingredient supply challenges - A discussion. Cosm & Toil. Available at https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/magazine/article/22737582
24. Cubas, A.L.V., Bianchet, R.T., dos Reis, I.M.A.S. and Gouveia, I.C. (2022 Nov). Plastics and microplastic in the cosmetic industry: Aggregating sustainable actions aimed at alignment and interaction with UN sustainable development Goals. Polymers, 14(21).
25. Bom, S., Ribeiro, H.M. and Marto, J. (2020 Feb). Sustainability calculator: A tool to assess sustainability in cosmetic products. Sustainability, 12(4) p 1437.
26. Dell’Acqua, G. (2017). Garbage to glamour: Recycling food by-products for skin care. Cosm & Toil. Available at: https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/methods-tools/article
27. L’Haridon, J., et al. (2023 Sep). SPOT: A strategic life-cycle-assessment-based methodology and tool for cosmetic product eco-design. Sustainability, 15 (19) p 14321.
28. Drobac, J., Alivojvodic, V., Maksic, P. and Stamenovic, M. (2020). Green face of packaging – Sustainability issues of the cosmetic industry Packaging. MATEC Web of Conferences. Available at https://tinyurl.com/ycyc59ce
29.Cinelli, P., Coltelli, M.B., Signori, F., Morganti, P. and Lazzeri, A. (2019 Apr). Cosmetic packaging to save the environment: Future perspectives. Cosmetics, 6(2) p 26.
30. Fortunati, S., Martiniello, L. and Morea, D. (2020, Jun 23). The strategic role of the corporate social responsibility and circular economy in the cosmetic industry. Sustainability, 12(12) 5120.
31. Rathore, S., Schuler, B. and Park, J. (2023 Jul). Life cycle assessment of multiple dispensing systems used for cosmetic product packaging. Packaging Technology and Science, 36(7) pp 533 - 547.
32. Vrabič-Brodnjak, U. and Jestratijević, I. (2023). The future of baby cosmetics packaging and sustainable development: A look at sustainable materials and packaging innovations – A systematic review. Sustainable Development.
33. Gatt, I.J. and Refalo, P. (2022 Nov). Reusability and recyclability of plastic cosmetic packaging: A life cycle assessment. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, vol 15, p 200098.
34. Suphasomboon, T. and Vassanadumrongdee, S. (2023 Jun). Multi-stakeholder perspectives on sustainability transitions in the cosmetic industry. Sustain Prod Consum, 38 pp 225 - 240.
35. Da Silva, P.C.F., Garcez Massot Novais, P., Kyrillos, S.L. and Perpétuo Bock. E.G. (2020). Supplier development applied to strategic sourcing: A case in cosmetic industry. Proelium VIII. Available at https://tinyurl.com/5ad2ytt2
36. Sasounian, R., et al. (2024 Feb). Innovative approaches to an eco-friendly cosmetic industry: A review of sustainable ingredients. Clean Tech, 6(1) pp 176 - 198.
37. European Commission. (Accessed 2024, Jun 6). Corporate sustainability reporting. Available at https://tinyurl.com/3ny7wdhf
38. Lam-Phaure, L., and Baki, G. (2020, Jul 1). Certified '"true": Green virtues in beauty, part II. Available at https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/regulations/organic-cosmos/article/21835801
39. Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.C. (2000, May 25). Green chemistry. Theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Available (for purchase) at https://global.oup.com/academic/product/green-chemistry-9780198506980?cc=us&lang=en&#
40. Natural Resources Defense Council. (Accessed 2024, Jun 18). Regenerative agriculture 101. Available at https://www.nrdc.org/stories/regenerative-agriculture-101
